International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga (IRJAY) is a monthly (12 issues per year ) online peer reviewed international Journal. It is an open access online journal. This journal provide platform for PG scholars teachers and researchers to publish their good & quality work in the field of Ayurveda, Yoga and Integrative medicine. IRJAY is developed for the researchers, scholars, scientists, post-docs and students who are seeking a platform for publishing their research work. This is the journal advised and developed by eminent and internationally renowned Ayurvedic professors, scientists and scholars. The journal aimed to publish high quality review articles, authentic research work,clinical trials and new innovative ideas. IRJAY confirms its adherence with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, including Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf) from ICMJE and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (joint statement by COPE, DOAJ, WAME, and OASPA; (http://doaj.org/bestpractice).
Greeshma Ritucharya: An Integrative Review on Heat Adaptation and Seasonal Physiology
Background: Greeshma Ritucharya (Ayurvedic summer regimen) provides a traditional framework for maintaining homeostasis during rising temperatures. Integrating this ancient wisdom with modern thermal biology is increasingly relevant due to rising global temperatures. Objective: This review explores physiological shifts during Greeshma and evaluates Ayurvedic interventions in mitigating heat stress. Methods: An integrative analysis was conducted, synthesizing classical texts (Charaka/Sushruta Samhita) with contemporary research on thermoregulation and metabolism. Results: Ayurveda identifies Greeshma by Vata accumulation and a natural decline in physical strength (Bala). Modern physiology parallels this through vasodilation, electrolyte loss through sweating, and metabolic adaptation. Prescribed diets – emphasizing Shitam (cold), Madhura (sweet), and Drava (liquid) intake – proactively prevent dehydration. Lifestyle shifts, such as reduced exertion, align with modern chronobiological recommendations for heat adaptation. Discussion: The synergy between Agni (digestive fire) depletion and peripheral vasodilation suggests that Ayurvedic dietary restrictions prevent metabolic strain when visceral blood flow is low. Furthermore, the focus on Madhura and Drava substances serves as a functional precursor to modern oral rehydration, stabilizing electrolytes lost through perspiration. By modulating activity levels, these traditional practices act as behavioral thermoregulation, enhancing cellular resilience against thermal stress. Conclusion: Greeshma Ritucharya offers a sophisticated, preventative strategy for seasonal health. Integrating these practices with modern insights provides a holistic solution for contemporary challenges associated with climate change and heat adaptation.
Dermal Wellness and Facial Cleansing Through Mukhaprakshalana: A Review of an Ayurvedic Dinacharya Procedure
Background: Facial cleansing is essential to preserve skin health and avoid dermatological conditions. Mukhaprakshalana is a traditional Ayurvedic procedure mentioned in Dinacharya (Ayurvedic daily regimen), which involves cleansing the face with herbal decoctions, medicated liquid, or simply with cold water. It plays a crucial role in maintaining facial hygiene, preventing skin disorders, and enhancing complexion. In Ayurvedic classics, different procedures, such as Mukhalepa, Anulepana, Snana, Udgharshana, Utsadana, Abhyanga, Nasya, Mukhaprakshalana, are mentioned for preserving skin health and treating dermatological conditions. Aim: This study aimed to review the classical Ayurvedic principles, therapeutic significance, and scientific applicability of Mukhaprakshalana as a natural procedure for skin cleansing and maintenance of facial health. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic literature along with scientific articles related to skin cleansing and Ayurvedic skincare practices. Relevant information regarding the procedure, indications, and benefits of Mukhaprakshalana was compiled and analyzed. Discussion: The Ayurvedic Dincharya procedure Mukhaprakshalana helps to remove accumulated impurities, sweat, oil, and environmental pollutants from the skin surface if we practice it daily as a Dincharya procedure. Conclusion: Hence, it helps to maintain skin hygiene and treat dermatological conditions such as Yuvana pidika (acne vulgaris), Vyanga (freckles), Nilika (melasma/dark pigmentation).
Conceptual and Clinical Review of Paribhadradi Formulation in Janu Sandhigata Vata (Knee Osteoarthritis)
Background: Janu Sandhigata Vata, described in Ayurveda, closely correlates with knee osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent degenerative joint disorder affecting mobility and quality of life, especially in the aging population. Classical Ayurvedic management emphasizes both internal and external therapies, among which topical applications like pralepa hold significant importance. Objective: The objective of the study was to conceptually and clinically review the therapeutic potential of Paribhadradi formulation in the management of Janu Sandhigata Vata, with special emphasis on its application in both classical pralepa and modern ointment forms. Materials and Methods: This review is based on an extensive analysis of classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Madhava Nidana, along with contemporary clinical studies and published literature indexed in Google Scholar. The conceptual framework includes etiopathogenesis (Samprapti), clinical features, and therapeutic principles, while clinical evidence from Ayurvedic and modern studies was critically analyzed. Results: The review indicates that Sandhigata Vata is primarily a Vata-dominant disorder involving Dhatukshaya and degeneration of joint structures. External therapies such as pralepa and ointments play a crucial role in localized management by providing Vata-shamana, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. The Paribhadradi formulation, composed of Vata-pacifying and Shothahara drugs, demonstrates promising therapeutic potential. Clinical studies on topical applications and herbal formulations show significant improvement in pain, stiffness, and joint function, supporting their efficacy in knee OA. Conclusion: Paribhadradi pralepa and its ointment form represent an effective and practical therapeutic approach for the management of Janu Sandhigata Vata. The integration of classical principles with modern pharmaceutical adaptation enhances patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. However, further well-designed clinical trials are required to establish standardized protocols and strengthen scientific validation.
Hetu of Janapadodhwamsa in Purview of Adharma
Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha (Chaturvidha Purushartha) are considered Moola for Arogya in order to attain the pursuit of life. Among these, Purushartha Dharma stands for the duty, and duty entails action, whereas any act or conduct that is in disobedience with the rules of Dharma is termed Adharma. Adharma is deemed as all those activities contributing toward the exploitation of sustaining resources of life, which include Vayu, Jala, Desha, and Kala. Niyata Hetu and Aniyata Hetu lead to mass destruction, environmental degradation, providing space for the causation of Janapadodhwamsa. Ayurveda has its focus on Dharma (ethical conduct) and social responsibility that underscores the imperative association between human actions and environmental wellness. Thus, Janapadodhwamsa connects the occurrence of disease outbreaks with Adharma. In the current scenario, Dharma needs to be implicit according to the wings of Adharma that have spread across the globe. The present write-up aims to comprehend the connection of Adharma with the consequences of significant events that result in extensive illness among the population.
Gridhrasi (Sciatica): Mapping Vata-Kaphaja Siddhanta to Neuro-inflammation and Management
Gridhrasi is a prominent clinical entity within the 80 types of Vataja Nanatmaja Vyadhis, characterized by radiating pain from the gluteal region to the distal foot. This condition exhibits significant phenomenological overlap with modern Sciatica, primarily caused by lumbar disc herniation and subsequent neuroinflammation. While conventional management often relies on palliative analgesia or invasive decompression, Ayurveda offers a robust framework through the Vata-Kaphaja Siddhanta. This paper maps the classical Ayurvedic symptoms of Tandra (drowsiness), Gaurava (heaviness), and Stambha (stiffness) to the biochemical cascades of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Through a comprehensive review of Panchakarma (specifically Basti and Swedana) and para-surgical modalities (Agnikarma and Siravyadha), this study provides an evidence-based integrative approach to management, emp--hasizing the resolution of “neuro-inflammatory stasis” (Avarana).
From Kitchen to Clinic: Translation of Tila, Maasha and Guda-based Ayurvedic Nutraceuticals in Artava Kshaya: A Drug Review
Background: Artava Kshaya, characterised by scanty or delayed menstruation, is commonly associated with poor nutrition, anaemia, hormonal imbalance, and inadequate uterine health. Hence, management should focus on improving nourishment, blood quality, and endocrine balance rather than providing only symptomatic relief. Traditional dietary substances such as Maasha, Tila, and Guḍa are known for their strengthening and reproductivesupportive properties and may offer a natural therapeutic option. Aim and Objectives: To review the Ayurvedic and modern scientific literature regarding the role of Tila, Guda and Maasha as nutraceuticals in Artava Kshaya, with special emphasis on their pharmacological properties, nutritional significance, and probable therapeutic utility in improving menstrual and reproductive health. Materials and Methods: An integrative review of classical Ayurvedic descriptions and modern nutritional and phytochemical evidence was conducted to evaluate the roles of Vigna mungo, Sesamum indicum, and Jaggery in the management of Artava Kshaya. Discussion: The combined use of these nutraceutical foods offers a simple, safe, and holistic approach that nourishes dhatus, supports hormonal regulation, improves uterine circulation, and restores menstrual flow. This food-based strategy addresses the root causes of Artava Kshaya and offers a practical, sustainable solution to improve women’s reproductive health. Conclusion: The review suggests that Tila, Guda, Maasha possess significant nutritional and Ayurvedic therapeutic properties that may help in the management of Artava Kshaya . Their Rasayan, Balya, and Artavajanana effects, along with their rich nutritional profile, indicate their potential role as safe and cost-effective dietary interventions for promoting female reproductive health.
Mudra Therapy and Its Application in Prevention and Management of Contemporary Lifestyle Disorders
Lifestyle disorders, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, asthma, arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, depression, anxiety, and cancer, constitute an escalating global health crisis. Mudra therapy is a classical Indian science of deliberate hand and body gestures that offers a non-pharmacological, evidence-aligned therapeutic paradigm rooted in ancient yogic Samhitas. To systematically review the role of mudra therapy, as described in the Gheranda Samhita, Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Goraksha Samhita, Shiva Samhita, and Yoga Chudamani Upanishad, in the prevention and management of major lifestyle disorders. Narrative review using PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and authenticated classical textual sources with PRISMA guidelines. Specific mudras modulate the autonomic nervous system (ANS), endocrine axes, metabolic pathways, immune function, and psychoneuroimmunological networks. Disease-specific mudras demonstrate evidence-supported therapeutic benefits grounded in Panchamahabhutic (five-element) theory. Mudra therapy is a pure, cost-free, sideeffect-free adjunctive intervention warranting integration into public health programs and clinical trials.
Ayurvedic Management of Kamala (Jaundice) – A Case Report
Kamala, the Ayurvedic name for Jaundice, is characterized by yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes secondary to hyperbilirubinemia. It may arise from pre-hepatic or post-hepatic pathologies. Ayurveda attributes its pathogenesis primarily to vitiation of Pitta Dosha and impairment of hepatic function (Yakrit Dushti), and prescribes Shodhana (detoxification) treatment as the basis of management. A 19-yearold female student presented with a 5-day history of icterus, yellowish discoloration of urine, periumbilical pain, and constipation, along with 8–10 days history of fever, nausea, vomiting, and generalized weakness. Baseline liver function test (LFTs) revealed markedly elevated (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]: 2930 U/L), and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT] (2830: U/L), and total bilirubin (3.7 mg/dL), with no systemic involvement of CNS, CVS, or respiratory system. A personalized Ayurvedic regimen was administered, including internal hepatoprotective and Pitta-pacifying medicines and Ruksha Virechan (therapeutic purgation) using Icchabhedi Vati, along with Pathya-Apathya (dietary and lifestyle modifications). The patient showed gradual resolution of icterus and systemic symptoms with improved appetite, normalization of stool and urine characteristics, and relief of abdominal pain and generalized weakness. There was marked biochemical improvement in LFTs; SGPT decreased from 2930 U/L to 31.3 U/L, SGOT from 2830 U/L to 48 U/L, and total Bilirubin from 3.7 mg/dL to 1,78 mg/dL. This case report highlights the successful management of Kamala (Jaundice) using comprehensive Ayurvedic Management, combining the therapeutic purgation and adjunct internal medication with appropriate diet and lifestyle modification, which was effective in recovering Kamala.
“Ayurvedic Management of Graves Disease”: A Case Report
A 24-year-old male patient presented to Shri Jayachamarajendra Hospital on January 2024 with a 3-year history of symptoms, including palpitations, fatigue, tremors, exophthalmos, increased appetite, decreased sleep, anxiety, and weight loss. The patient had no family history of similar conditions and was previously diagnosed with Graves’ disease. In ayurveda there is no direct response for Graves’ disease, but the symptoms and causes correlate with ojokshaya and Ojo visramsa induced by vikruta pitta. Contributing factors for Ojokshaya includes Patient was born in the condition of ojo asthira (preterm baby born in 8th month), along with irregular and increased consumption of processed and deep-fried foods, excessive physical activity including cycling, prolonged exposure to sun and wind, and chronic stress due to family issues. These factors were found to be the cause of Ojovisramsa along with Pitta Prakopa, which in turn triggered autoimmune responses resulting in Graves’ disease. The treatment strategy focused on increasing Vyadhikshamatva by normalizing the aggravated Pitta. Shamana therapies were employed, beginning with Dipana and Pachana, followed by Sukumara Ghrita Pana and Pancha Tikta Ghrita Pana, along with the administration of Amritaprasha ghrita. External therapies included Mahanarayana Taila Abhyanga and Shiroabhyanga with Brahmi Taila. By March 2024, the patient’s thyroid function had improved, with T4 levels decreasing from 17.80 to 14.11 and TSH remaining stable at 0.008. The patient reported significant improvement in both physical and mental well-being. This case highlights the effectiveness of a comprehensive Ayurvedic approach in managing Graves’ disease by addressing the underlying Pitta Prakopa and ojas
Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Dviruttara Hingvadi Churna – An Ayurvedic Herbal Formulation for Purishaja Udavarta by Charaka Samhita
Background: In today’s era, the evaluation of the quality of herbal formulations is essential to provide a basis for ensuring their authenticity and quality. Dviruttara Hingvadi Churna is one of the polyherbal formulations that has been explained by Acharya Charaka in his treatise Charaka Samhita for the treatment of Purishaja Udavarta. Despite use in clinical practice, there is a lack of data regarding its pharmacognostical standardization and Physicochemical analysis, which ensures its quality, safety, and reproducibility. Aim: The study aims to develop the authenticity of Dviruttara Hingvadi Churna through the evaluation of pharmacognostical and physiochemical analysis. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical evaluation was carried out at the pharmacognosy department, and pharmaceutical study was carried out at the pharmaceutical department, ITRA, Jamnagar. High-performance thinlayer chromatography (HPTLC) was carried out at Vasu Research Center, Vadodara, Gujarat. Results: Pharmacognostical findings confirmed the authenticity and genuine ingredients of Dviruttara Hingvadi Churna. The average values of physicochemical parameters, such as loss on drying – 7.66%, ash value – 3.65%, water soluble extract – 19.44%, alcohol soluble extract – 18.56%, and pH value – 6.5, were analyzed, which were within normal referential range. In the HPTLC study, 4 spots at 254 nm, 6 spots at 366 nm, and 10 spots at 540 nm were obtained. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical and Physicochemical analysis of Dviruttara Hingvadi Churna confirmed the purity and genuineness of the drug. This data can serve as reference standards for quality control for future research, supporting their safe and effective therapeutic application.
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
Concept of Raktadhatwagni on the Formation of Rakta Dhatu Correlated with the Contemporary Modern Science
Rakta – the fluid of life; the quantity of raktadhatu depends upon food intake. It possesses properties similar to pitta due to its elemental composition (agni and jal). It has qualities similar to pitta dosha, which is made up of Agni and Jal. In the formation of the rakta dhatu, pitta is the mala (waste product) produced during the formation of raktadhatu. The quality of the rakta dhatu is dependent upon the health of agni, or digestive fire. The condition of agni determines the quality of rasa produced. When the rasagni is sluggish, the efficiency of transformation is reduced. When the rasagni is too active, it efficiently converts ahara rasa to rasa dhatu, but also burns up some of the rasa dhatu that is being produced. Hemopoietic enzymes (ALAS, ALAD, porphobilinogen deaminase, uroporphyrinogen synthase, and enzyme ferrochalatase) are correlated with the Ayurvedic concept of raktadhatwagni in the formation of raktadhatu. Hematopoietic enzymes ensure stem cell replication, energy supply, hemoglobin synthesis, growth factor signaling, antioxidant defense, and proper differentiation of all blood cell types. Raktadhatwagni governs the digestion – metabolism of rakta dhatu, ensuring its proper formation, quality, nourishment of the next tissue (mamsa), vitality, complexion, and overall health. In this article, we intend to make a correlation of raktadhatwagni with modern perspectives to have a clearer view of the rakta dhatu.
Beeja Dushti to Ojas Kshaya: Ayurvedic Interpretation and Supportive Care in Childhood Type 1 Diabetes
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. Managing pediatric T1DM poses significant challenges due to the need for lifelong insulin therapy, regular monitoring, dietary adherence, and psychological stress on both children and their caregivers. In Ayurvedic literature, this condition closely resembles Sahaja Prameha, a congenital or hereditary form of Madhumeha. Ayurveda identifies Beeja Dushti (genetic defect), Ojas Kshaya (loss of vitality), and Kapha-Pitta imbalance as core pathological factors. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore and establish the role of Ayurvedic therapies as a supportive, adjuvant approach in the holistic management of pediatric T1DM (Sahaja Prameha), with an emphasis on prevention, metabolic correction, and enhancement of quality of life. Materials and Methods: This study is a conceptual and evidence-informed review based on classical Ayurvedic texts and modern biomedical literature. Results: Ayurvedic protocols including Shamana (palliative therapy), Shodhana (purification therapy), Rasayana (rejuvenating therapy), and Pathya-Apathya (wholesome-unwholesome dietary and lifestyle measures) demonstrate potential to support glycemic control, modulate immunity, and delay complications in children with T1DM. Milletbased diets show promising adjuvant roles. Yoga practices help reduce glycemic variability and promote mental and physical well-being. Conclusion: While insulin therapy remains indispensable, Ayurveda offers a complementary and individualized approach that addresses the broader physical, metabolic, and emotional dimensions of pediatric T1DM. When integrated responsibly, Ayurvedic therapies may enhance treatment outcomes and quality of life in children suffering from Sahaja Prameha. Further clinical research is warranted to substantiate these findings and optimize integrative care models.
Pathya-Apathya in Preventive Cardiology: A Critical Appraisal in the Contemporary Scenario
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, accords prime importance to the Hridaya (heart) as a vital organ governing both physiological and psychological functions. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe the Hridaya as a principal Marma and the seat of Ojas, Chetana (consciousness), and Manas (mind), emphasizing its indispensable role in sustaining life. Ayurvedic literature explains that even minor disturbances of the heart resulting from improper Ahara (diet), Vihara (lifestyle), and Manasika Bhava (psychological factors) may manifest as Murchha (syncope) or Sanyasa (loss of consciousness), while severe impairment can lead to fatal consequences. Hence, preservation of cardiac health is regarded as a cornerstone of preventive medicine in Ayurveda, with special emphasis on maintaining mental equilibrium and emotional stability. Ayurveda advocates the systematic adoption of Hridya (cardio-protective) dietary regimens, lifestyle practices, and behavioral measures to nourish and protect the heart. The present article reviews and analyzes the preventive and heart-protective principles described in classical Ayurvedic texts and discusses their relevance in the promotion of cardiovascular health and holistic well-being.
To Review and Evaluate the Therapeutic Effect of Triphala Kwatha and Jatyadi Ghrita in the Management of Dusta Vrana (Chronic Wound/Ulcer)
Vrana is describe in Ayurveda as ulcers or wounds. Vrana, if not treated properly and not appropriate cared got converted into Dushta Vrana, i.e., infectious or complicated wound. In due course of time, precise management of Dushta Vrana has been described in various Ayurvedic texts. In modern medicine, a wound is defined as a disruption of the normal anatomical structure and function of soft tissue. Dushta Vrana, chronic wounds or ulcers, presents significant challenges in medical management due to their persistent nature and potential complications. Ayurvedic medicine offers a comprehensive approach to wound healing through various herbal formulations known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, granulation-promoting, and moisture-retaining properties. There are many formulations, remedies, and treatments available in Ayurveda as well as modern science. Apart from that, we took Triphala Kwatha and Jatyadi Ghrita taken in this study. Ayurvedic formulations, such as Triphala Kwatha, Taila, Ghrita, and Lepa, in the treatment of Dushta Vrana and their role in enhancing the wound healing process. An extensive review of classical Ayurvedic texts and contemporary research was conducted to identify key formulations used in Vrana Chikitsa. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Tiphal Kwatha and Jatyadi Ghrita based on relief in signs and symptoms and healing of Dushta Vrana. Different pharmacological properties of these formulations were analyzed, focusing on their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, granulation-promoting, and moisture-retaining effects. The objective and aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Tiphal Kwatha and Jatyadi Ghrita based on relief in signs and symptoms and healing of Dushta Vrana.
Extra-Oral Receptors in Bidalaka: Eyelid Delivery Mechanisms of Tikta Rasa Herbs
Bidalaka, a classical Ayurvedic periocular therapy involving medicated paste application over closed eyelids, has been employed for centuries in managing anterior segment conditions, principally inflammation. Classical texts attribute its efficacy to Tikta rasa (bitter-tasting) herbs possessing Shothahara (anti-inflammatory) and Kandughna (anti-pruritic) properties. This review proposes a receptor-mediated pharmacological framework in which Bidalaka’s therapeutic action is, at least in part, mediated through activation of extra-oral bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on periocular keratinocytes and resident immune cells via G protein-coupled receptor signaling. The eyelid’s exceptionally thin cutaneous barrier confers superior drug permeability, while keratinocyte-expressed TAS2Rs – including TAS2R38 and TAS2R14 – coupled with α-gustducin, activate phospholipase Cβ2-mediated calcium signaling, barrier reinforcement through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathways, and suppression of mast cell degranulation, histamine, prostaglandin D2 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and chemokine release upon bitter agonist stimulation. The shared microvascular and lymphatic anatomy between the eyelid and palpebral conjunctiva further facilitates transdermal-to-ocular drug translocation. This convergence of eyelid anatomy, TAS2R biology, and periocular vascular architecture provides a coherent molecular rationale for Bidalaka’s efficacy, supporting both standardization of Ayurvedic ophthalmic therapies and development of novel transdermal ophthalmic drug delivery platforms.
Traditional Bio-Purification Therapies: Integrating Ayurvedic Panchakarma and Yogic Shatkarmas for Holistic Health
Background: Traditional Indian medical systems, particularly Ayurveda and Yoga, emphasize purification as a central approach to maintaining physiological balance and preventing disease. In Ayurveda, Panchakarma is described as a systematic bio-purification therapy aimed at eliminating aggravated doshas and accumulated metabolic toxins. Similarly, Yogic texts outline the Shatkarmas, which are six cleansing practices designed to purify internal systems and enhance bodily functions. Objective: This review explores the conceptual basis, procedures, and health benefits of Panchakarma and Shatkarmas, highlighting their complementary role in holistic and preventive health care. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic and yogic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and Gheranda Samhita, along with relevant modern scientific studies on detoxification and integrative health. Results: Panchakarma includes preparatory measures (Snehana and Swedana), principal therapies (Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya, and Raktamokshana), and post-therapy care to restore metabolic balance. Shatkarmas – Neti, Dhauti, Basti, Nauli, Kapalabhati, and Trataka – primarily enhance respiratory efficiency, digestion, and neurophysiological regulation. Contemporary evidence indicates potential benefits in metabolic function, respiratory health, and overall well-being. Discussion: The integration of Panchakarma and Shatkarmas reflects a synergistic model that bridges traditional detoxification concepts with emerging scientific understanding of physiological regulation. Conclusion: Together, these practices provide a comprehensive, lifestyle-based framework for preventive and holistic healthcare in modern contexts.
Effect of 6-week Anulom-Vilom Pranayama and Bhastrika Pranayama Yoga Training Intervention on Respiratory Parameters among High School Students of Punjab
Aim: The present study aimed to examine the effect of 6-week Anulom-Vilom and Bhastrika Pranayama practices on selected respiratory parameters among school students in rural Punjab. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design was employed. A total of 20 healthy male students aged 13–16 years from Wheat Field School, Punjab, were randomly selected as participants. The intervention consisted of 6 weeks of structured pranayama training. Respiratory parameters, including vital capacity (VC), expiratory VC (EVC), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV), were measured using the Minispir Portable USB Spirometer. Data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad online software. Results: Post-intervention analysis revealed a statistically significant improvement in pulmonary function parameters. Anulom-Vilom Pranayama practice produced marked increases in VC (3.28 > 2.26) and EVC (2.37 > 2.26), while Bhastrika Pranayama showed a positive effect on ERV (2.60 > 2.26). Conclusion: The findings indicate that regular Pranayama practice, specifically Anulom-Vilom and Bhastrika, significantly enhances pulmonary function among adolescents, and thus be recommended as a preventive and promotive health strategy to improve lung efficiency and reduce the risk of future respiratory disorders.
Exploring the “Purusham Purusham Veekshya Siddhanta” with Special Reference to “Personalized Medicine”: A Review
Personalized medicine (PM) is an emerging paradigm in contemporary healthcare this decade, which emphasizes tailoring therapeutic interventions based on individual variability in genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The foundation of such an approach has long been embedded in Ayurveda through the principle of “Purusham Purusham Veekshya,” which advocates patient-specific assessment before treatment planning. The present review aims to explore this classical Ayurvedic doctrine and examine its relevance in the context of modern PM. A comprehensive analysis of classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya, was undertaken to elucidate the conceptual basis of “Purusham Purusham Veekshya Siddhant.” The principle highlights the importance of evaluating individual factors, such as Prakriti (constitutional type), Vikriti (pathological state), Agni (metabolic status), Desha (habitat), Kala (time/season), Vaya (age), Sattva (psychological status), and Ahara-Vihara (diet and lifestyle) before deciding therapeutic strategies. These parameters collectively determine the variability in disease manifestation and treatment response among individuals. The findings suggest a strong conceptual parallel between Ayurvedic individualized therapy and modern precision medicine. While contemporary approaches rely heavily on molecular and genetic profiling, Ayurveda provides a holistic, phenotype-based framework for personalization. Integrating these traditional principles with present biomedical advances may enhance the efficacy, safety, and patient-centeredness of healthcare.
Loota Visha Chikitsa in Kriyakoumudhi – A Book Review
Introduction: Agadatantra is one of the strongest pillars in Ayurveda sastra, due to its potential possibilities in emergency management. Unfortunately, its fame and practical utility are diminishing day by day. This article aims to revive and analyze a well-known old Malayalam textbook in vishachikitsa, named Kriya koumudhi, authored by V. M. Kuttikrishna Menon. The book gives examples of simple and effective remedies in toxic conditions. Loota visha is analysed closely, and its special mentions, such as visha vega, dhupa prayoga, are described in detail. Aim: The aim of the study was to review Loota Damsa Lakshana and chikitsa in the Malayalam text, Kriyakoumudhi. Materials and Methods: This literary review was done by referring the traditional Visha Vaidya Malayalam text named Kriyakoumudhi. All the peculiar features mentioned in the context of loota Visha have been analysed and compiled. Results: The verses were read thoroughly and documented in written and tabular forms. Discussion and Conclusion: It is essential in the present scenario to bring the precious and unexplored areas of Ayurveda to light. Toxicological research can pave way to discovery of effective remedies in multi-systemic disease and emergency management. Effective internal and external formulations should be revived and made available in the market.
Enhancing Quality of Life in Janusandhigata Vaat (Knee OA) Patients: A Case Study on Topical Ointment Therapy
Janusandhigata Vaat (knee osteoarthritis [OA]) is a degenerative joint disorder characterized by pain, stiffness, swelling, and functional limitation that significantly impairs quality of life. This case study presents the clinical application of Paribhadradi ointment – a traditional Ayurvedic topical preparation containing fresh leaves of Paribhadra, fresh leaves of Champak, coconut, Haridra, Samudra Lavan (sea salt), Hing, and Tila tail – in the management of a patient with moderate knee OA. The patient, a 52-year-old female with bilateral knee pain and functional impairment, received nightly topical application of Paribhadradi ointment for 14 days. Clinical assessment revealed a significant reduction in pain intensity, joint stiffness, swelling, and improvement in functional mobility. The case demonstrates the potential of traditional topical oleation therapy (Bahya Snehana) as a safe, accessible, and effective intervention for enhancing quality of life in knee OA patients. This case study provides clinical evidence from prior trials, traditional preparation methods, and therapeutic rationale to provide a comprehensive framework for implementing Paribhadradi ointment therapy in clinical practice.
Effect of Ojomehantak Tablet and Mustadi Ghanavati in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Secondary Failure to Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: An Open-Label Case Series
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder frequently associated with secondary failure to oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA), leading to inadequate glycemic control and increased risk of complications. Ayurveda correlates T2DM with Prameha, characterized by Kapha predominance, Meda dushti, and impaired Agni. The present study evaluated the effect of Ojomehantak tablet and Mustadi Ghanavati in patients with T2DM exhibiting secondary failure to OHA. Materials and Methods: An open-label clinical case series was conducted in 10 patients aged 30–65 years with documented secondary failure to OHA. Participants received Ojomehantak tablet (500 mg twice daily) and Mustadi Ghanavati (500 mg twice daily) for 3 months. Assessment included objective parameters (fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) and subjective symptom grading based on classical features of Prameha. Paired t-test was used for normally distributed biochemical data, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for ordinal symptom scores. Results: Significant reductions were observed in fasting blood glucose (211.79 ± 32.28 to 111.42 ± 18.82 mg/dL; P < 0.001), post-prandial glucose (263.81 ± 36.90 to 146.24 ± 16.73 mg/dL; P < 0.001), and HbA1c (7.86 ± 1.00% to 5.60 ± 0.46%; P < 0.001). Total subjective symptom score significantly decreased (16.8 ± 2.3 to 5.4 ± 1.6; P < 0.005) with a large clinical effect size (r = 0.89). No adverse effects were reported during the study period. Conclusion: The combination of Ojomehantak tablet and Mustadi Ghanavati demonstrated statistically and clinically significant improvement in glycemic control and symptomatic relief in patients with T2DM and secondary OHA failure. These preliminary findings support further large-scale randomized controlled trials to validate efficacy and safety.
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Evaluating the Efficacy of Yoga Intervention in Reducing Anxiety among Young Adults: A Pre-Post Experimental Study in Jaipur
Mental health concerns among young adults have surged globally, with anxiety emerging as a leading issue. In urban academic settings, such as Jaipur, academic pressure, digital stress, and career uncertainty significantly elevate anxiety levels. While pharmacological interventions exist, growing interest in holistic, non-invasive alternatives – particularly yoga – offers a culturally rooted option. Yoga integrates physical postures (asanas), controlled breathing (pranayama), and meditation (dhyana) and is widely recognized for its stress-relieving effects. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a structured yoga intervention in reducing anxiety among 250 undergraduate and post-graduate students from Jaipur. A pre-test post-test quantitative design was employed, using the beck anxiety inventory before and after a 6-week yoga program comprising asanas, pranayama, and meditation. Stratified random sampling ensured gender and academic stream representation. Statistical analysis included paired sample t-tests, regression analysis, and gender-based comparisons using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results revealed a statistically significant reduction in anxiety scores, with the mean score declining from 69.98 (pre-intervention) to 59.90 (postintervention), a reduction of 10.08 points. The paired t-test yielded t = 19.84 (P < 0.001), confirming the intervention’s effectiveness. Regression analysis demonstrated a high predictive value (R2 = 0.792), with students exhibiting higher baseline anxiety benefiting most. Gender-based analysis showed a marginally greater reduction among females, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), indicating equal effectiveness across genders. The study affirms yoga as an effective, low-cost, and inclusive intervention for reducing student anxiety. It advocates the integration of yoga-based mental health modules into higher education frameworks through institutionalizing yoga in curricula, establishing campus wellness centers, mandating mental health screenings, training peer mentors, and collaborating with national yoga bodies for standardized delivery.
Evaluating the Impact of Transcendental Meditation on Stress Reduction: A Comparative Controlled Clinical Study
Introduction: Stress is a major contributor to psychological disorders and cardiovascular morbidity through disturbances in autonomic regulation and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Transcendental meditation (TM), a mantra-based meditation technique, has been proposed as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for stress reduction; however, controlled clinical evidence remains limited. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TM, practiced along with a fixed regimen of yogic practices, on stress reduction in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled comparative clinical trial was conducted among 20 healthy participants aged 18–60 years at GS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A (intervention group, n = 10) and Group B (control group, n = 10). Group A practiced TM along with associated yogic practices for 4 weeks, 6 days/week, whereas Group B received no intervention. Outcome measures included Beck Anxiety Inventory scores, chakra alignment assessed using the Bio-Well scale, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Assessments were performed at baseline and after 1 month. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired and independent t-tests. Results: Group A demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in anxiety scores (16% decrease, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (4% reduction, P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (7% reduction, P = 0.007), and pulse rate (6% reduction, P = 0.012). Chakra alignment also showed significant improvement (7% increase, P < 0.001). In contrast, Group B showed no statistically significant changes in any assessed parameter. Post-intervention comparison between groups revealed statistically significant differences favoring the intervention group. Discussion and Conclusion: TM practiced with a fixed regimen of yogic practices for 4weeks produced significant improvement in stress-related psychological and physiological parameters among healthy participants.The findings suggest that this combined intervention may serve as an effective non-pharmacological approach for stress reduction and autonomic balance.
Postpartum Depression Management with Special Reference to Sutika Unmaada
Pregnancy is a natural process and a transformative journey that brings physical, emotional, and lifestyle changes. Pregnancy and puerperium are at times sufficiently stressful to provoke mental illness. Acharya kashyap describes sutika unmad among the 64 diseases of prasutika. Postpartum depression (PPD) cases are increasing with time in India, ranging from 17.4% to 33.8%. In Ayurvedic texts, PPD is described as a similar clinical condition. The heart is the seat of Manas. The Ayurveda approach to mental health, which integrates mind, body, and soul, is offered. In Ayurveda, Unmaada is treated as a somatic alteration, the main principle being to break the Aavarana or Manovaha Srotas. Thus, Shodhana, Shamana, Satvavajaya Chikitsa, Proper diet, and regimen are used for the management of Sutika Unmaada. Apart from Daivavyapashraya (spiritual remedies) and Satvavajaya Chikitsa, both Ayurveda and Allopathy primarily concentrated on Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa (internal and external medication) (psychotherapy). Through Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa, application of Daivavyapashraya or Satvavajaya Chikitsa is good for effective and quick prediction of the disease. The conclusions conclude that strengthening maternal mental health services, improving screening practices, and conducting further research on culturally sensitive interventions are vital for reducing the burden of PPD among women.
Integrative Evaluation of Sara Parikshan: Correlating Ayurvedic Tissue Excellence with Modern Biomarkers
Sara Parikshan is an important diagnostic and evaluative tool in Ayurveda used to assess the qualitative excellence (Sarata) of body tissues (Dhatus) and mental potentialities (Sattva). Classical Ayurvedic texts describe eight types of Sara – Twak, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Majja, Sukra, and Sattva – each reflecting physical, physiological, and psychological strength. Classical Ayurvedic texts emphasize that physical appearance alone is insufficient to determine true strength; rather, functional integrity and qualitative superiority of tissues are decisive. With the growing need for evidence-based validation, correlating these traditional observations with modern biomedical parameters can enhance the objectivity and clinical applicability of Ayurveda. This article presents a structured conceptual framework linking classical descriptions of Sara Parikshan with credible modern biomarkers, highlighting its potential utility in clinical assessment, preventive medicine, and translational research.
Understanding Allergic Rhinitis through Ayurvedic Principles of Vataja Pratishyaya
Allergic Rhinitis is a common nasal disorder that affects many people worldwide. Although it is not a life-threatening condition, it can cause significant discomfort and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and work efficiency. In modern medicine, treatment mainly focuses on relieving symptoms, but recurrence is frequently seen. In Ayurveda, a similar condition is described as Vataja Pratishyaya. The features, triggers, and recurrent nature of Allergic Rhinitis show close similarity with this Ayurvedic description. Management in Ayurveda emphasizes Nidana Parivarjana and therapies aimed at balancing Doshas, which may help in reducing symptoms and preventing repeated episodes. With this understanding, the present literary review was undertaken to study Allergic Rhinitis from both modern and Ayurvedic perspectives. Relevant classical Ayurvedic texts and modern medical literature were carefully reviewed and compared. The analysis supports a conceptual correlation between Allergic Rhinitis and Vataja Pratishyaya, highlighting the value of a broader, integrative approach.
Role of Achara Rasayana in Personality Development – A Review
Introduction: Personality reflects an individual’s distinctive patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Ayurveda interprets personality as Mano-Daihika Prakriti, shaped by Ahara, Vihara, Manosthiti, and ethical practices. The concept of Achara Rasayana, wholesome behavioral conduct, offers a framework for balanced physical, mental, and spiritual development. Objective: To elucidate the role of Achara Rasayana in personality development through Ayurvedic and modern psychological perspectives. Methodology: Classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam) and contemporary references from psychiatry (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) and scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were reviewed using relevant search terms pertaining to Ayurveda and personality. Results: Achara Rasayana encompasses 23 ethical principles, including truthfulness (Satyavadinam), calmness (Prashantam), non-violence (Ahimsa), compassion (Karuna), and self-discipline (Nivritta Madya-Maithuna). These virtues enhance cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being, fostering resilience, empathy, and moral integrity. Its integration with psychosocial therapies can aid in managing maladaptive behavior and personality disorders described in Ayurveda as Ashta-Vibhrama. Discussion: Introducing Achara Rasayana early enhances Dhi, Dhriti, and Smriti, which help avoid Prajnaparadha while promoting comprehensive personality development. It improves attention, memory, self-regulation, social skills, and emotional stability, thereby reducing the risk of disorders associated with Ashta-vibhrama, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Achara Rasayana offers a timeless, value-based approach to personality development that harmonises mind, body, and conduct, promoting individual excellence and societal well-being.
Integrated Ayurvedic Management and Yoga Intervention in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Obesity: A Case Report
The buildup of excess fat within the liver cells in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption is known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). According to the WHO, the prevalence of chronic liver disease, such as NAFLD, has steadily increased in recent years. Ayurveda also provides a good description of liver disease. Pittasthana, Raktavahasrotomoola, Kaphamedo Dushti and Sthanasamsrava in Yakrut (liver) can all cause NAFLD, which is a Santarpanotha Vikara (illness). A 29-year-old patient presented to the out-patient department of Department of Swasthavritta, Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi with complaints of alteration in bowel habit, pain in epigastric region, gaseous abdomen from past 7–8 months. This case was diagnosed as Non-alcoholic Adipose Liver complaint on the base of ultrasonography report. The case was treated with Ayurvedic oral medicines, such as Arogyavardhini vati and Phalatrikadi kwatha by adding frequent yoga practices and got satisfactory results.
Efficacy of Gulpha Marma Therapy and Agnikarma in Managing Sciatica (Gridhrasi) Pain: A Pilot Study
Background: Low back pain (LBP) represents a leading global health challenge, afflicting 80–90% of individuals at least once in their lifetime, with approximately 5% progressing to true sciatica due to lumbar nerve root irritation. Sciatica manifests as radiating pain from the lumbosacral region to the lower limb, predominantly affecting adults aged 30–50 years and often linked to intervertebral disc herniation or degenerative spondylosis. In Ayurveda, this condition aligns with Gridhrasi, a Vata-dominant Nanatmaja Vyadhi characterized by Ruka (pain), Toda (pricking sensation), Stambha (stiffness), and restricted leg movement. Aim: This randomized controlled pilot study evaluated the comparative efficacy of two classical Ayurvedic therapies, Marma Chikitsa and Agnikarma in managing Gridhrasi related pain. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients meeting inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to two parallel groups (n=15 each). Group A received daily Marma Chikitsa at Gulpha Marma for 21 days, while Group B underwent Agnikarma at Antara-Kandara-Gulpha Madhya weekly over the same period. Primary outcome was pain intensity, measured via Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results: Intragroup analysis revealed significant VAS reductions: Group A from 2.4 to 0.467 (z = 3.624, P < 0.01); Group B from 2.2 to 1.0 (z = 3.286, P = 0.001). Intergroup comparisons via Mann-Whitney U-test showed no significant differences at baseline (P = 0.461) or endpoint (p = 0.089). Marma Chikitsa likely modulates pain via neuromodulatory effects like gate control theory, whereas Agnikarma induces analgesia through counterirritant thermal effects on aggravated Vata. Discussion and Conclusion: Both interventions yielded clinically meaningful pain relief, supporting their role in Gridhrasi management and justifying larger randomized trials.
Randomized Open Controlled Clinical Study of Ujjayi Pranayama in the Management of Hypothyroidism
Swasthya Rakshana is one of the most important aims of Ayurveda. Many of the things that are described in Ayurveda for swasthya rakshana, such as Dinacharya, Rutucharya, and Sadvritta Yoga vidya, that is, performing Yogasana, Pranayama, Shuddhi Kriya, and applying its philosophy in daily life, are some other things which are mentioned in Ayurveda for swasthavritta. The demand for cost-effective from of treatment for hypothyroid is growing. Hypothyroidism is a common condition, with a female: male ratio of 6:1. Iodine deficiencies remain the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland. Ujjayi pranayam contribute in lowering body mass index, thyroid-stimulating hormone, T3, and T4 level help in improving respiratory function. There is a dearth in literature to support the effect of ujjayi pranayam on hypothyroidism patient though ancient texts support the view strongly.