International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga (IRJAY) is a monthly (12 issues per year ) online peer reviewed international Journal. It is an open access online journal. This journal provide platform for PG scholars teachers and researchers to publish their good & quality work in the field of Ayurveda, Yoga and Integrative medicine. IRJAY is developed for the researchers, scholars, scientists, post-docs and students who are seeking a platform for publishing their research work. This is the journal advised and developed by eminent and internationally renowned Ayurvedic professors, scientists and scholars. The journal aimed to publish high quality review articles, authentic research work,clinical trials and new innovative ideas. IRJAY confirms its adherence with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, including Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf) from ICMJE and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (joint statement by COPE, DOAJ, WAME, and OASPA; (http://doaj.org/bestpractice).
Gut–Brain Axis and Amlapitta (Hyperacidity): A Review of Jatharagni Modulation and Microbial Homeostasis via Ayurvedic Detoxification
Functional dyspepsia is a highly prevalent disorder of gut–brain interaction under the Rome IV classification, characterized by post-prandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain, and burning. Traditional treatments often rely on acid-suppressive therapies that can induce long-term dysbiosis. In contrast, Ayurveda describes this clinical spectrum as Amlapitta, a pathology of the Annavaha Srotas (gastrointestinal tract) driven by Jatharagnimandya (depressed central metabolic fire) and the qualitative vitiation of Pachaka Pitta (specifically, increases in Dravatva and Amlatva). This review explores the structural and functional convergence between the classical Ayurvedic principle of Pittadhara Kala Sahayo Majjadhara Kala and the modern gut–brain–microbiome (GBM) axis. We evaluate how traditional Ayurvedic biopurification (Shodhana), specifically therapeutic emesis (Vamana) and purgation (Virechana), acts as a biological “reset” of the GBM axis. By analyzing classical Samhita literature, clinical symptomatology, and herbo-mineral pharmacology (Sutshekhar Rasa, Kamadudha Rasa, Avipattikar Churna, and Amlapitta Mishran Suspension), we present an evidence-based, integrative therapeutic paradigm. Furthermore, we outline how the graduated post-purification dietary protocol (Samsarjana Krama) functions as a structured prebiotic reconstruction algorithm that stabilizes short-chain fatty acid-producing bacterial cohorts, repairs mucosal barrier tight junctions, and restores autonomic gut–brain communication.
Concept of Dhatuposhan Nyaya in Ayurveda
Ayurveda is a medicinal, social, and biomedical science that is based on its own fundamentals, siddhanta. Every concept described in this science is well-framed and well-oriented. For the incorporation of the nutrients into the dhatus and to achieve the Sam dhatu state, important for dhatu poshan Nyayas – (Ksheera Dadhi Nyaya, Kedari Kulya Nyaya, Khalekapota Nyaya) have been explained with due importance. Thus, through this research paper, a light has been thrown on the importance of Nyayas on dhatu poshan.
Ayurvedic Management of Twenty Types of Prameha: A Comprehensive Review of Classical Protocols and their Modern Pharmacological Correlations
Prameha, a broad spectrum of urinary disorders described in classical Ayurvedic texts, encompasses 20 distinct subtypes classified under three doshic categories – Kaphaja, Paittika, and Vatika – each associated with specific clinical presentations and therapeutic approaches. The present review aims to systematically analyse the classical management protocols described in Sushruta Samhita and allied texts, with particular emphasis on the specific herbal decoctions (Kashayas) recommended for each subtype, alongside their modern pharmacological and clinical correlations. Kaphaja Prameha, considered curable, is correlated with early-stage metabolic syndrome and various forms of glycosuria and sedimenturia; Paittika Prameha, manageable through palliative care, correlates with inflammatory conditions of the urinary tract; and Vatika Prameha, classified as Asadhya (incurable), corresponds to advanced Diabetes Mellitus and end-stage renal disease. The global burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions, with an estimated 537 million adults affected as of 2021, projected to rise to 783 million by 2045. Modern pharmacological studies support the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nephroprotective activities of key classical formulations including Nimba, Khadira, Haridra, Guduchi, and Aragvadha. This review bridges classical Ayurvedic therapeutics with contemporary biomedical understanding, providing a foundation for evidence-based integration of traditional formulations in metabolic disease management.
Biopesticides and its Ayurvedic Approach: A Review
Agricultural crops have to face lots of destruction due to invasion of micro-organisms, which can be bacteria, fungi, viruses, or pests. These invasions lead to a decrease in yield. Chemical pesticides used to control these destructions are quite effective but simultaneously responsible for severe health problems to mankind and other biodiversities. Biopesticides along with Ayurveda are potential tools used to overcome both of the above problems. Using advanced technologies (nanoparticles, extract preparations) along with Ayurvedic drugs (single or in combination) can replace these chemical pesticides efficiently, playing their integrated role in micro-organisms and pest management.
Yogic Perspectives on Tri-bandha – A Review
The term “Tri Bandha” refers to the three locks or Bandha; Moola Bandha, Uddiyana Bandha, and Jalandhara Bandha that direct and regulate the flow of prana, or life energy. These locks are described in a number of Hatha Yoga texts, including Hatha Pradipika, Gherand Samhita, Siddha-Siddhant Paddati, and many more. The pelvic floor muscles are contracted in the Moola Bandha, the abdominal muscles are contracted in the Uddiyana Bandha, and the chin lock is performed by pulling the chin to the chest in the Jalandhara Bandha. Bandhas are generally performed after a complete exhalation. Bandhas have a significant impact on both the body’s subtle energy systems and the physical body. Bandha promotes mental stability and improves organ function. The bandhas are considered to be extremely important in yoga practice. By practicing bandhas, practitioners may block the passage of energy into and out of a certain area of their body. Bandhas promote inner harmony and balance. Bandhas can also be combined with pranayama and mudra. Bandhas stimulate the body’s essential organs and endocrine glands. Bandhas promote optimal health and well-being when paired with other yoga techniques.
Therapeutic Effects of Argyreia speciosa (Linn.f.) and Asparagus racemosus (Wild): A Review Study
This review study evaluates the therapeutic and Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties of Argyreia speciosa (Vidhara) and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) in traditional Ayurveda and modern pharmacology. Phytochemical profiling of A. speciosa seeds reveals 0.5–0.9% ergoline alkaloids, alongside a rich core oil predominantly composed of oleic acid (33.2%), stearic acid (29.13%), and methyl oleate (27.5%). Conversely, A. racemosus roots quantitatively comprise approximately 53% carbohydrates, 18% crude fiber, 5.4–8.8% saponins, 3% protein, and 5% oil. Pharmacological investigations validate that both herbs exhibit potent neuroprotective, nootropic, and anti-amnesic properties, significantly enhancing spatial learning while modulating central nervous system activity. Furthermore, both plants demonstrate, scientifically proven antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and broad-spectrum anti-ulcer activities across multiple experimental models. While A. speciosa displays significant, immunomodulatory, nootropic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, and aphrodisiac actions, A. racemosus serves as a critical endocrine and reproductive stabilizer, showing notable antidepressant-like and adaptogenic efficacys.
Rapid Reduction of Severe Hypertriglyceridemia and Hyperglycemia in Metabolic Syndrome through Ayurvedic Intervention: A Case Report
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe hypertriglyceridemia represents a critical metabolic emergency carrying a high risk of acute pancreatitis and cardiovascular events. Conventional pharmacological approaches may require weeks to achieve glycemic and lipid targets. Ayurveda offers multitarget interventions that have the potential for rapid metabolic restoration. Here is a case report of a 50-year-old male with known hypertension (4 years) and dyslipidemia presenting with complaints of nocturia, polydipsia, and craving for sweet and cold foods. Investigations revealed hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, but the patient refused to take conventional medicines. A 15-day Ayurvedic treatment protocol comprising Punarnavashtak Kwath, Madhumehari Churna, Paniya Kalpana of Daruharidra, Guduci, Musta, and Arogyavardhini Vati, combined with prescribed dietary modifications, resulted in rapid clinical improvement. At the 15-day follow-up, all parameters, including fasting blood sugar and triglyceride levels, were within normal limits. This case demonstrates the potential of a structured Ayurvedic protocol to achieve rapid, clinically significant metabolic correction in severe hyperglycemic–dyslipidemia crisis.
Role of Jalaukavacharana in the Management of Paittika Oshtha Roga: A Case Report
Paittika Oshtha Roga is a lip disorder described in Ayurvedic classical texts, characterized by papules resembling mustard seeds (Pidika), burning sensation (Daha), suppuration (Paka), serous discharge (Srava), and yellowish-blue discoloration. It correlates with inflammatory lip conditions in contemporary dermatology. A 22-year-old female patient presented to the Kayachikitsa outpatient department with a 2-year history of white bumps over the lips, associated with serous discharge, burning sensation, swelling, itching, and hyperpigmentation involving the lips and perioral region. She had not experienced lasting relief despite prior conventional treatments. She was diagnosed with Paittika Oshtha Roga and managed with Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy) performed in three sittings over the perioral region, along with internal Shamana (pacifying) medications and external applications. Remarkable improvement was observed across all cardinal symptoms by the 45th day. Pidika (papules), Daha (burning), Paka (suppuration), Kandu (itching), and Srava (discharge) resolved completely. Hyperpigmentation showed significant reduction. No adverse effects were noted. This case demonstrates that an integrated Ayurvedic approach combining Jalaukavacharana with Pitta-pacifying internal medicines and topical applications can provide effective and sustained relief in Paittika Oshtha Roga. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
Improvement in Hematological and Iron Profile Parameters Following Individualized Ayurvedic Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Case Report
Iron deficiency anemia is a common nutritional disorder among women and is associated with fatigue, reduced functional capacity, and impaired quality of life. Documentation of objectively measured outcomes following Ayurvedic management in routine clinical practice remains limited. This report describes the clinical and laboratory outcomes of a patient with IDA managed in an Ayurvedic outpatient setting. A 35-year-old female presented with generalized weakness, easy fatigability, and occasional giddiness. She was a known case of hypothyroidism receiving Thyroxine 50 μg/day. Clinical examination revealed marked pallor. Hematological investigations demonstrated microcytic hypochromic anemia with depleted iron stores, establishing the diagnosis of IDA. From an Ayurvedic perspective, the condition was diagnosed as Pandu Roga. The patient received individualized Ayurvedic management for more than 6 months, comprising Lauha Bhasma, Amalaki Churna, Yashada Bhasma, Swarnamakshika Bhasma, Drakshasava, and subsequently Dhatri Lauha, along with dietary counseling and lifestyle modifications. The treatment regimen was modified during follow-up according to clinical findings. Serial follow-up demonstrated progressive improvement in hematological and iron profile parameters during follow-up. Hemoglobin improved from 7.7 g/dL to 12.0 g/dL, while serum ferritin increased from 5.03 ng/mL to 30.52 ng/ mL. Serum iron improved and unsaturated iron binding capacity decreased, indicating restoration of iron status. Peripheral blood smear findings normalized from a microcytic hypochromic picture with anisopoikilocytosis to a normocytic normochromic blood picture. Clinical symptoms also improved substantially. This case demonstrates favorable clinical and laboratory outcomes following individualized Ayurvedic management of IDA. The findings provide preliminary real-world evidence and support the need for further observational studies and controlled clinical trials evaluating Ayurvedic interventions in IDA.
To Study the Status of Mamsa Dhatu Sarta in Different Deha Prakriti Individuals
Background: Mamsa Dhatu is a vital structural tissue responsible for strength, stability, and functional integrity of the human body. Classical Ayurvedic literature describes qualitative variation in Dhatu excellence (Dhatu Sarata) among individuals of different Deha Prakriti. However, assessment of Mamsa Dhatu Sarata has traditionally relied on subjective parameters, with limited objective validation. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the status of Mamsa Dhatu Sarata among different Deha Prakriti individuals using classical subjective assessment and modern objective parameters. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy individuals after Institutional Ethics Committee approval and CTRI registration. Deha Prakriti assessment was performed using a VALIDATED Prakriti assessment pro forma. Mamsa Dhatu Sarata was evaluated using a newly developed and validated questionnaire along with objective parameters, including bioelectrical impedance analysis, hand-grip dynamometry, and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. Results: One-way analysis of variance demonstrated significant Prakriti-wise differences in multiple parameters related to Maṃsa Dhatu. Hand-grip strength differed significantly among groups (F = 3.261, P = 0.043), being highest in Group-C (Kapha-adhikya), followed by Group-B (Pitta-adhikya), and lowest in Group-A (Vata-adhikya). Serum CPK levels (F = 191.906, P < 0.001), Mamsa Dhatu Sarata scores (F = 155.074, P < 0.001), skeletal muscle mass (F = 5.090, P = 0.008), bone mass (F = 16.660, P < 0.001), protein mass (F = 7.098, P = 0.001), basal metabolic rate (F = 6.103, P = 0.003), body fat percentage (F = 14.164, P < 0.001), and fat mass (F = 36.935, P < 0.001) showed highly significant variation, predominantly following the trend Kapha-adhikya > Pitta-adhikya > Vataadhikya. Skeletal muscle percentage did not show a statistically significant difference (F = 1.895, P = 0.157). Protein percentage varied significantly (F = 43.249, P < 0.001), with higher values observed in Vata-adhikya and Pitta-adhikya groups compared to Kapha-adhikya. Tukey’s post hoc analysis confirmed significant inter-group differences for most variables, particularly between Vata-adhikya and Kapha-adhikya groups. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a strong association between Prakriti and categorical assessments of Maṃsa Dhatu Sarata (χ2 = 98.836, P < 0.001), skeletal muscle mass, bone mass, protein mass, and fat-related parameters, with Kapha-adhikya individuals predominantly exhibiting superior or standard categories, while Vata-adhikya individuals clustered mainly in lower categories.
Yashada (Zinc) in Ayurveda: A Scoping Review of ClassicalConcepts, Pharmaceutical Processing, Analytical Characterization,and Therapeutic Applications
Background: Yashada (zinc) is an important metallic drug described in Ayurvedic Rasa Shastra and therapeutically indicated in disorders such as Prameha, Vrana, and Netra Roga. Classical pharmaceutical procedures, including Shodhana and Marana, convert raw metal into Yashada Bhasma, a biologically assimilable medicinal form. Recent analytical and biomedical studies have validated its physicochemical and therapeutic properties. Objectives: The objective of the study was to critically review classical and contemporary literature on Yashada with emphasis on its historical evolution, pharmaceutical processing, analytical characterization, pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and safety profile. Methods: Classical references were collected from major Rasa Shastra texts. Contemporary literature was searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, AYUSH Research Portal, and DHARA using keywords including “Yashada”, “Yashada Bhasma”, and “zinc”. Studies were screened and categorized according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses-ScR methodology. Results: Out of 95 identified records, 46 studies were included after screening and duplicate removal. Analytical studies demonstrated conversion of metallic zinc into predominantly zinc oxide nano- and micro-particles following classical processing. Experimental studies reported antidiabetic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, wound healing, antiviral, and anticancer activities. Limited clinical studies suggested beneficial effects in diabetes mellitus, wound healing, and dermatological disorders. Safety studies indicated relatively low toxicity of properly prepared Yashada Bhasma, although variability among marketed formulations remains a concern. Conclusion: Yashada Bhasma represents a promising interface between Ayurvedic metallurgy and modern nanomedicine. However, further standardized analytical studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to establish its safety, efficacy, and translational relevance.
Conceptual Review on Savrana Shukra (~ Corneal Ulcer): A Comparative Study between Ayurvedic and Modern Ophthalmology
Savrana Shukra is one among the Krishnamandalagata Rogas (~black portion of eye) described in Ayurvedic text, predominantly explained in Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. The disease shows close resemblance with corneal ulcer described in modern ophthalmology because there are similarities in etiopathogenesis, symptomatology, prognosis, and management principles. It is a major cause of ocular morbidity and preventable blindness worldwide. Ayurveda considers Savrana Shukra as a Rakta-Pitta predominant disorder involving Krishna Mandala. The disease manifests with severe pain, redness, lacrimation, photophobia, and corneal opacity. Classical management includes Raktamokshana (~bloodletting), Virechana (~ therapeutic purgation), Seka (~hot fomentation), Anjana (~coryllium), and Vrana Ropana (~wound healing) therapies. This conceptual review critically analyzes Savrana Shukra in the light of contemporary understanding of corneal ulcer and highlights the importance of integrative approaches in preventing corneal ulcer.
Role of Ritucharya (Ayurvedic Seasonal Regimens) in Cosmetology and Skin Health: A Review
Introduction: Seasonal variations significantly influence skin and hair health by altering environmental conditions, Dosha balance, and physiological functions. Ayurveda explains these seasonal adaptations through the concept of Ṛtucaryā and recommends specific Ahara (diet), Vihara (lifestyle), and external therapies such as Lepa Kalpana for maintaining Saundarya (beauty) and preventing skin disorders. Classical Ayurvedic cosmetology emphasizes individualized and season-specific care for the preservation of skin complexion, texture, and hair health. Materials and Methods: The present review was conducted through an extensive literature survey of classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya and Ashtanga Sangraha. Results: The review revealed that each season exerts distinct effects on skin and hair through variations in temperature, humidity, ultraviolet exposure, and Dosha predominance. Classical Ayurvedic regimens recommend season-specific dietary measures, lifestyle modifications, and topical herbal applications to maintain skin health. Modern studies also demonstrate seasonal variations in acne, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, pigmentation, and hair disorders, supporting the Ayurvedic concept of seasonal influence on dermatological conditions. Several Ayurvedic herbs and Lepa formulations possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, rejuvenating, and complexion-enhancing properties relevant to modern cosmeceutical science. Conclusion: Ayurvedic seasonal regimens and Lepa Kalpana provide a holistic and preventive approach for maintaining skin and hair health throughout the year. Integration of Ayurvedic principles with modern dermatological and cosmeceutical research may help develop safe, effective, and evidence-based seasonal skincare strategies. Further clinical validation and standardization of classical formulations are required for broader scientific acceptance.
Circadian Dysregulation and Hormonal Imbalance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Ayurvedic Correlation
Background: Modern lifestyle factors such as irregular sleep, artificial light exposure, stress and poor dietary habits disrupt circadian rhythm, leading to metabolic and hormonal imbalance. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder, is increasingly linked to such circadian misalignment. Ayurveda describes similar causative factors through concepts such as Pragyaparadha and Asatmya Indriyartha Samyoga, resulting in Dosha imbalance and impaired physiological processes. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the impact of circadian misalignment on PCOS through an integrative perspective of modern chronobiology and Ayurveda. Materials and Methods: This study is based on a comprehensive literary review of classical Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya, along with contemporary scientific literature on circadian rhythm and PCOS. Conceptual analysis and correlation methods were employed to establish an integrative framework. Results: Circadian disruption affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, insulin regulation and inflammatory pathways, contributing to PCOS. Ayurveda correlates these changes with Vata–Kapha imbalance, Mandagni, Ama formation, and Artavavaha Srotas dysfunction. Concepts such as Kala, Dhatu formation, and Oja parallel modern chronobiology, emphasizing the importance of biological rhythms in reproductive health. Conclusion: Circadian alignment through structured lifestyle (Dinacharya), proper nutrition, stress management, herbal support and Panchakarma can effectively manage PCOS. Integrating Ayurvedic principles with modern chronobiology offers a holistic, preventive, and therapeutic approach for improving reproductive health and overall well-being.
Effect of Matra Basti in Insomnia With Special Reference to Primary Insomnia: Case Report
Person suffering from insomnia may have frequent awakenings or problems in returning to sleep after awakenings, so despite of an adequate duration of sleep, there is a feeling of not rested fully. In Ayurveda, the condition can be correlated to Anidra or Nidranasha. Nidranasha can be treated with Snehachikitsa, and Basti is one of the best aspects of the introduction of Sneha into the body. So, according to Ayurveda, we can treat Nidranasha with Matra Basti a type of Snehabasti. A 62- years- old man with a primary complaint of sleeplessness for approximately 4–5 years. Initially, he had difficulty staying asleep for 2 or 3 nights/week. However, over the past 3 years sleepless nights and daytime fatigue have increased in severity despite the regular use of sleep-inducing medications. The case was treated with Matra Basti (dose-60 mL) with Nidrakark taila (Kalpit yog). The ingredients of Taila are Jatamansi, Sarpagandha, Tagar, Arjun, Ashwagandha, Brahmi, Punarnava. Matra Basti was given for 15 days. The complaints were resolved within 15 days. No other complaints as well as complications were observed after this treatment procedure.
Efficacy of “Shunthi- Gokshur Kwath with Shunthi lepa and Shunthi-Guduchi Kwath with Shunthi lepa” in Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (Amavata) - Protocol for a Comparative Clinical Study
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with a chronic nature and is associated with significant morbidity in today’s era. The clinical features of RA are analogous to those of the Ayurvedic disease known as Amavata. This is an open-label, randomized clinical study that aims to compare the efficacy of ShunthiGokshur Kwatha with Shunthi Lepa and Shunthi-Guduchi Kwatha with Shunthi Lepa in reducing the disease activity score (DAS) in patients diagnosed with Amavata. A total of 72 participants aged 21–60 years, fulfilling ACR 2010 criteria and exhibiting classical Amavata symptoms, will be randomized into two groups. Group I will receive Shunthi- Gokshur Kwatha with Shunthi Lepa, and Group II will receive Shunthi- Guduchi Kwatha with Shunthi Lepa for a time period of 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the DAS-28 score, and the secondary outcome measures are RA factor, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and symptoms of amavata. The assessment of primary and secondary outcome measures will be done at baseline, day 30, and day 60. The study protocol includes randomization, allocation concealment, and proper monitoring to ensure data reliability. The study results will contribute to the integration of Ayurvedic formulation in RA management.
A Pharmaceutical Study of Two Different Methods of Mercury Extraction from Hingula
Introduction: Hingula is an important mineral source for the extraction of mercury (Parada) in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Classical texts of Rasa Shastra describe various methods for the extraction of mercury from Hingula. Comparative pharmaceutical evaluation of these methods is essential for understanding their efficiency, yield, and practical applicability. Materials and Methods: In the present study, mercury extraction from Hingula was carried out by two different methods, namely Urdhwa Patana Yantra and Nada Yantra. Before extraction, Hingula shodhan was done as triturated with Nimbu Swarasa for 3 h and dried. In the Urdhwa Patana yantra processed Hingula was subjected to intense heating with continuous cooling of the upper chamber using Jaladhara. The remaining Hingula was processed using the Nada Yantra method as described in Siddha Bheshaja Manimala. Pharmaceutical observations, yield, and practical aspects of both methods were recorded and compared. Results: During Bhavana, Hingula became soft, fine, and dull in color with approximately 1.5% increase in weight. In the Urdhwa Patana method, 1300 g of Hingula processed in five batches yielded 434 g of mercury. The method was found to be laborious, time-consuming, and associated with a higher processing cost. In contrast, the Nada Yantra method processed 1700 g of Hingula in seven batches and yielded approximately 1117.5 g of mercury (65.71%). The method proved more economical, efficient, and practically convenient. Conclusion: Both methods were effective for the extraction of mercury from Hingula; however, the Nada Yantra method proved more efficient, economical, and suitable for pharmaceutical processing due to higher yield and operational convenience. The study supports the scientific and pharmaceutical relevance of classical Ayurvedic extraction techniques described in Rasa Shastra.
Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) against Early Blight of Tomato caused by Alternaria solani Fungi
Introduction: Fungal pathogens are emerging as a major threat to agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. Although chemical fungicides are widely used to control plant diseases, their excessive application has resulted in environmental pollution, harmful effects on living organisms, and the development of pathogen resistance. In recent years, bio-pesticides have gained attention as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional pesticides. Bio-pesticides are generally less hazardous, target-specific, biodegradable, and effective even in small quantities. Unlike broad-spectrum chemical pesticides, they minimize harm to beneficial organisms such as insects, birds, and mammals, while reducing environmental contamination. India’s bio-pesticide industry has significant potential for growth due to increasing awareness about organic farming and the demand for safer agricultural practices. Aim and objectives: this article discusses the importance of bio-pesticides made from drugs mentioned in classical Ayurveda texts and their visible effect as a bio-fungicide. Material and Method: drug used here is Vitex Negundo (nirgundi) and its effects as a bio-fungicide is observed in in-vitro conditions against Alternaria Solani fungi causing early blight in tomatoes. Result: significant compared to the control group with antracol an chemical fungicide. Discussion and Conclusion: • Among aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts, hydro-alcoholics shows more significant results for Alternaria solani whereas 5% and 10% aqueous extract shows zero percent efficacy and 15% aqueous extract showing only 5.50 percent efficacy against Alternaria solani. • It means that chemical pesticide used for treatment of Alternaria solani manifestation can be replaced with hydro-alcoholic extracts of Nirgundi (15%) as a bio-fungicide.
Dhatu Sarata in Rachana Sharir: An Anatomical Study of Structural Strength of the Human Body
Ayurveda explains the structural strength of the human body through visible form as well as through the quality of Sharirik Dhatu (qualitative form of bodily tissues). Aacharyas describe this quality of bodily tissues (Dhatu) as Dhatu Sarata, a concept that is given in classical texts. With the help of this concept, assessment of strength (Bala) and stability (Samhanan) of the human body can be done. In Rachana Sharir, Dhatu Sarata gives proper information on compactness, resilience, and resistance of body tissues, which are responsible for the physical strength of an individual. The present study examines Dhatu Sarata through a Rachana Sharir (anatomical) perspective through critical analysis of descriptions found in classical texts (Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtang Hridayam), along with relevant observations reported in contemporary Ayurvedic research. This study highlights Dhatu Sarata as an indicator of structural strength and stability of the human body and explains that the variation in the strength and stability of the individual depends on the Dhatu Sarata.
Revolution in Swasthavritta Evam Yoga with New Teaching Methods
Over the years, the domain of Swasthavritta Evam Yoga has witnessed significant evolution as an important part of the BAMS program for undergraduate students. Today, expectations of modern learners demand innovative, engaging, and application-oriented approaches to teaching and learning. The preventive health care is indeed the strength of Ayurveda, as its primary aphorism is “Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam,” which denotes the actions or regimen to maintain the health of a healthy individual and to prevent diseases. The new curriculum of Swasthavritta includes graduate attributes; Program outcomes; course outcomes; learning objectives; topic-wise appropriate teaching and learning methods, as well as assessment methods. There are group discussions, workshops, field visits, health surveys, and activities beyond the textbook during the practical hours. This aims to provide updated insights and refined teaching methodologies to make a positive impact in promoting health, preventing diseases, and creating a healthier society. This write-up serves as a review of the new curriculum incorporated by the Board of Ayurveda, NCISM in Swasthavritta Evam Yoga.
Behavioral Disorders in Children – An Integrative Review of Ayurvedic and Modern Perspectives
Background: Behavioral problems refer to improper expressions of conduct, code, or etiquette. Behavioral problems are generally multi-factorial in origin and arise as a result to diagnose and treat timely as if left untreated, increase the risk of developing psychiatric illnesses. Conventional pharmacological management of behavioral disorders primarily involves drugs such as atypical antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, and sleep-enhancement drugs, which possess a wide range of side effects. Counseling with the family and adopting Ayurveda principles can help manage and prevent the further progression of behavioral problems in children. In Ayurveda, disorders related to psychiatric and behavioral disturbances are discussed under the chapter of Unmada. Aim: This study aims to review existing evidence on Ayurveda-based and modern interventions for behavioral disorders in children. Materials and Methods: Journal articles, clinical experiences, and traditional Ayurvedic textbooks were regarded as the information sources. Results and Discussion: Multimodal management approach of Ayurveda, including Medhya drugs, Panchakarma procedure -Shirodhara (pouring liquids over the forehead), Nasya, Siropichu (placing herbs mixed with oils or decoctions placed on the vertex of the head), Matra Basti with medicated oil, along with Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Occupational therapy) can help in preventing and resolving the condition. Conclusion: Modern medicine offers diagnostic precision and symptomatic relief through pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapies. Knowledge education and proper expressions of code, conduct, and etiquette, along with Ayurveda interventions such as the use of Medhya drugs (nervine tonic/nootropic) and Panchkarma pre-procedures, can be significant therapeutic methods to combat behavioral disorders.
A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Shivlingi Beej Churana and Narayana Taila Uttar Basti in Vandhyatva – A Case report
Infertility due to anovulation is increasingly observed among women because of stress, unhealthy lifestyle, delayed marriage, and hormonal imbalance. Ayurveda considers disturbed Apana Vata as a major factor responsible for Vandhyatva (infertility). The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Shivling Beej Churna and Narayana Taila Uttar Basti in the management of anovulatory infertility. Thirty-five patients diagnosed with infertility due to anovulation were selected and divided into two groups. Group 1 received Dashmoola Trivrit Asthapan Basti, Narayana Taila Uttar Basti, and oral Shivling Beej Churna for three cycles, while Group 2 received standard therapy. Follicular study and ultrasonography were used for assessment. The Ayurvedic treatment showed encouraging improvement in ovulation and conception rates by regulating Apana Vata and improving reproductive function. The study suggests that Ayurvedic management may be beneficial in anovulatory infertility.
Sadvritta as a Behavioral Framework for Mental Health: An Ayurvedic Perspective
Mental health is an essential part of overall well-being and is shaped by a combination of biological, psychological, behavioral, and lifestyle factors. Although modern psychiatry has made significant progress, most approaches still focus more on treatment than on prevention and health promotion. In this context, Ayurveda offers a broader and more holistic understanding of health, emphasizing the balance between body, mind, senses, and consciousness. Among its principles, Sadvritta – described in classical texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita – provides a detailed code of conduct that includes ethical living, personal discipline, and control over mental activities. The present review explores the role of Sadvritta in promoting mental health and attempts to relate its principles with concepts from modern psychology and neuroscience. The review suggests that Sadvritta influences mental health through multiple pathways. It supports better thinking and decision-making by strengthening higher mental functions, encourages healthy behavioral patterns through disciplined living, and promotes emotional balance by regulating the Triguna – enhancing Satva while reducing Rajas and Tamas. These effects are comparable to modern ideas such as executive function, emotional regulation, and mindfulness. Sadvritta also plays an important preventive role by reducing Pragyaparadha (~errors in judgment), which are considered a root cause of many mental and psychosomatic disorders. In addition, its emphasis on ethical conduct and positive social behavior contributes to improved psychological well-being. Overall, Sadvritta can be understood as a practical and holistic framework for maintaining and promoting mental health. Its similarities with modern scientific concepts highlight its relevance in today’s context. However, more focused research is needed to support its integration into modern mental health care.
Ayurveda Management of Klaibya (~Male Sexual Disorder): A Narrative Review
Background: Male sexual dysfunction, encompassing erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and low libido, is a burgeoning global health concern with significant psychosocial impact. Its prevalence is supposed to be gradually increasing over every decade. Globally, 52% of men aged 40–70 experience sexual dysfunctions, which are caused by a combination of physical and psychological factors. In Ayurveda, these conditions are collectively categorized under Klaibya. While modern andrology offers pharmacological interventions like phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, there is an increasing demand for integrative approaches that address systemic health and long-term vitality through traditional wisdom. Objectives: The objective of the study was to synthesize the classical Ayurvedic understanding of Klaibya, evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Vajikarana (aphrodisiac therapy), and establish its clinical relevance within the framework of modern andrological diagnostics and management. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research Articles, alongside a manual review of classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Keywords included “Klaibya,” “Vajikarana,” “Erectile Dysfunction,” and “Ayurvedic Andrology.” Results: The review identifies four primary types of Klaibya (Beejopajata, Dhwajopajata, Shukra-kshaya, and Jaraja), which correlate closely with modern classifications of organic, psychogenic, and age-related sexual dysfunction. Ayurveda emphasizes a holistic management protocol involving Shodhana (~purification), Sattvajaya Chikitsa (~psychotherapy) and the administration of potent Vajikarana herbs like Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Kapikacchu (~ Mucuna pruriens). Modern pharmacological studies validate these herbs’ roles in modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, enhancing nitric oxide production, and reducing oxidative stress. Discussion: The management principles of Ayurveda, including Shodhana and Shaman play a unique role to manage the disease like Klaibya. Ayurvedic management of Klaibya offers a multi-dimensional approach that complements modern andrology, particularly in cases where psychological factors and systemic vitality are paramount. Conclusion: Integrating Vajikarana protocols into contemporary practice may provide a more sustainable, holistic solution for male reproductive health, though further large-scale, double-blind clinical trials are necessitated to standardize dosages and long-term safety profiles.
A Review of the Future of Wellness Travel: Career Option in Ayur-Tourism
Ayurveda wellness tourism is an emerging sector of the tourism sector, which is defined as vacations done primarily for the purpose of improving one’s health and well-being. Focusing on leisure and quality is its primary goal. India is currently becoming a popular destination for health tourism because of its excellent medicinal remedies, affordable prices, convenient accessibility, and amazing vacation experiences. India is home to numerous holistic health resorts that offer alternative therapies along with Yoga and meditation sessions. Their residential packages include cleansing, rejuvenation, weight management, and anti-aging programs for improving physical and psychological health by eliminating excess weight and toxins from the body and stress from the mind. Therefore, as a major component of the health tourism industry, numerous hotels and resorts are emphasizing the marketing of these traditional national cures in international Forums through their service offerings. Numerous Ayurveda treatment facilities and spas have arisen in the hospitality sector for strengthening health and wellness tourism, enabling comprehensive patient care and a full vacation experience. In addition, Pancha-karma and various forms of therapy are also added to these services. This review explores the emerging opportunities and career pathways in Ayurveda wellness tourism. It is based on earlier studies, academic publications, databases, and the internet. Studies show that the Ayurveda wellness centers based on genuine practices and meeting Ayush and National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers – Ayush Treatment and Wellness Centers norms are more credible and of better quality. The presence of qualified professionals and organized clinical practices leads to better patient care and management. The tie-up with wellness and medical tourism helps in gaining international acceptance and financial viability. India is poised to dominate the international wellness tourism market through professionally designed Ayurveda wellness centers.
Greeshma Ritucharya: An Integrative Review on Heat Adaptation and Seasonal Physiology
Background: Greeshma Ritucharya (Ayurvedic summer regimen) provides a traditional framework for maintaining homeostasis during rising temperatures. Integrating this ancient wisdom with modern thermal biology is increasingly relevant due to rising global temperatures. Objective: This review explores physiological shifts during Greeshma and evaluates Ayurvedic interventions in mitigating heat stress. Methods: An integrative analysis was conducted, synthesizing classical texts (Charaka/Sushruta Samhita) with contemporary research on thermoregulation and metabolism. Results: Ayurveda identifies Greeshma by Vata accumulation and a natural decline in physical strength (Bala). Modern physiology parallels this through vasodilation, electrolyte loss through sweating, and metabolic adaptation. Prescribed diets – emphasizing Shitam (cold), Madhura (sweet), and Drava (liquid) intake – proactively prevent dehydration. Lifestyle shifts, such as reduced exertion, align with modern chronobiological recommendations for heat adaptation. Discussion: The synergy between Agni (digestive fire) depletion and peripheral vasodilation suggests that Ayurvedic dietary restrictions prevent metabolic strain when visceral blood flow is low. Furthermore, the focus on Madhura and Drava substances serves as a functional precursor to modern oral rehydration, stabilizing electrolytes lost through perspiration. By modulating activity levels, these traditional practices act as behavioral thermoregulation, enhancing cellular resilience against thermal stress. Conclusion: Greeshma Ritucharya offers a sophisticated, preventative strategy for seasonal health. Integrating these practices with modern insights provides a holistic solution for contemporary challenges associated with climate change and heat adaptation.
Dermal Wellness and Facial Cleansing Through Mukhaprakshalana: A Review of an Ayurvedic Dinacharya Procedure
Background: Facial cleansing is essential to preserve skin health and avoid dermatological conditions. Mukhaprakshalana is a traditional Ayurvedic procedure mentioned in Dinacharya (Ayurvedic daily regimen), which involves cleansing the face with herbal decoctions, medicated liquid, or simply with cold water. It plays a crucial role in maintaining facial hygiene, preventing skin disorders, and enhancing complexion. In Ayurvedic classics, different procedures, such as Mukhalepa, Anulepana, Snana, Udgharshana, Utsadana, Abhyanga, Nasya, Mukhaprakshalana, are mentioned for preserving skin health and treating dermatological conditions. Aim: This study aimed to review the classical Ayurvedic principles, therapeutic significance, and scientific applicability of Mukhaprakshalana as a natural procedure for skin cleansing and maintenance of facial health. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic literature along with scientific articles related to skin cleansing and Ayurvedic skincare practices. Relevant information regarding the procedure, indications, and benefits of Mukhaprakshalana was compiled and analyzed. Discussion: The Ayurvedic Dincharya procedure Mukhaprakshalana helps to remove accumulated impurities, sweat, oil, and environmental pollutants from the skin surface if we practice it daily as a Dincharya procedure. Conclusion: Hence, it helps to maintain skin hygiene and treat dermatological conditions such as Yuvana pidika (acne vulgaris), Vyanga (freckles), Nilika (melasma/dark pigmentation).
Conceptual and Clinical Review of Paribhadradi Formulation in Janu Sandhigata Vata (Knee Osteoarthritis)
Background: Janu Sandhigata Vata, described in Ayurveda, closely correlates with knee osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent degenerative joint disorder affecting mobility and quality of life, especially in the aging population. Classical Ayurvedic management emphasizes both internal and external therapies, among which topical applications like pralepa hold significant importance. Objective: The objective of the study was to conceptually and clinically review the therapeutic potential of Paribhadradi formulation in the management of Janu Sandhigata Vata, with special emphasis on its application in both classical pralepa and modern ointment forms. Materials and Methods: This review is based on an extensive analysis of classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Madhava Nidana, along with contemporary clinical studies and published literature indexed in Google Scholar. The conceptual framework includes etiopathogenesis (Samprapti), clinical features, and therapeutic principles, while clinical evidence from Ayurvedic and modern studies was critically analyzed. Results: The review indicates that Sandhigata Vata is primarily a Vata-dominant disorder involving Dhatukshaya and degeneration of joint structures. External therapies such as pralepa and ointments play a crucial role in localized management by providing Vata-shamana, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. The Paribhadradi formulation, composed of Vata-pacifying and Shothahara drugs, demonstrates promising therapeutic potential. Clinical studies on topical applications and herbal formulations show significant improvement in pain, stiffness, and joint function, supporting their efficacy in knee OA. Conclusion: Paribhadradi pralepa and its ointment form represent an effective and practical therapeutic approach for the management of Janu Sandhigata Vata. The integration of classical principles with modern pharmaceutical adaptation enhances patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. However, further well-designed clinical trials are required to establish standardized protocols and strengthen scientific validation.
Hetu of Janapadodhwamsa in Purview of Adharma
Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha (Chaturvidha Purushartha) are considered Moola for Arogya in order to attain the pursuit of life. Among these, Purushartha Dharma stands for the duty, and duty entails action, whereas any act or conduct that is in disobedience with the rules of Dharma is termed Adharma. Adharma is deemed as all those activities contributing toward the exploitation of sustaining resources of life, which include Vayu, Jala, Desha, and Kala. Niyata Hetu and Aniyata Hetu lead to mass destruction, environmental degradation, providing space for the causation of Janapadodhwamsa. Ayurveda has its focus on Dharma (ethical conduct) and social responsibility that underscores the imperative association between human actions and environmental wellness. Thus, Janapadodhwamsa connects the occurrence of disease outbreaks with Adharma. In the current scenario, Dharma needs to be implicit according to the wings of Adharma that have spread across the globe. The present write-up aims to comprehend the connection of Adharma with the consequences of significant events that result in extensive illness among the population.
Gridhrasi (Sciatica): Mapping Vata-Kaphaja Siddhanta to Neuro-inflammation and Management
Gridhrasi is a prominent clinical entity within the 80 types of Vataja Nanatmaja Vyadhis, characterized by radiating pain from the gluteal region to the distal foot. This condition exhibits significant phenomenological overlap with modern Sciatica, primarily caused by lumbar disc herniation and subsequent neuroinflammation. While conventional management often relies on palliative analgesia or invasive decompression, Ayurveda offers a robust framework through the Vata-Kaphaja Siddhanta. This paper maps the classical Ayurvedic symptoms of Tandra (drowsiness), Gaurava (heaviness), and Stambha (stiffness) to the biochemical cascades of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Through a comprehensive review of Panchakarma (specifically Basti and Swedana) and para-surgical modalities (Agnikarma and Siravyadha), this study provides an evidence-based integrative approach to management, emp--hasizing the resolution of “neuro-inflammatory stasis” (Avarana).